Surgical procedures for varicocele and an overview of sexually transmitted diseases.
> 5.7 // What are the surgical methods for treating varicocele?**
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The most common procedure is high ligation of the internal spermatic vein.
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First, the patient is given local anesthesia to make them feel comfortable, but they will be awake during the surgery. The surgical incision is usually located in the lower abdomen. The varicose internal spermatic vein is located, ligated, and then cut.
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You may experience testicular pain after the surgery, but it won't last long, usually around 3 days. You will need to rest for about 2 to 5 days after the surgery, and the stitches will be removed after 7 days, after which you can resume normal activities. The surgery is simple and easy to perform.
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If, after surgery, testicular pain worsens and cannot be relieved by medication, the incision becomes red and swollen, body temperature exceeds 38.5 degrees Celsius, or chills occur, a doctor should be consulted immediately.
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> Laparoscopic high ligation of the internal spermatic vein: This procedure involves making two incisions, one below the navel and one in the lower abdomen, which communicate with the abdominal cavity. The internal spermatic vein is then ligated using a laparoscope. This procedure is suitable for patients with bilateral varicocele.
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Postoperative recovery is the same as that of high ligation of the internal spermatic vein.
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Interventional treatment.
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> This involves inserting a catheter through the skin and retrogradely through the renal vein into the internal spermatic vein, then injecting medication to block the vein, achieving the same effect as ligation.
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Recovery after surgery is relatively quick and hospitalization is not required. The surgery is performed under local anesthesia, but the cost is relatively high.
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> **STD**
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**Treat STDs Correctly**
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**1.1//What are sexually transmitted diseases?**
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are among the most concerning and anxiety-inducing illnesses for men. Many people, for various reasons, are extremely worried about contracting an STD and come to the hospital for testing. In fact, STDs do not refer to a specific disease, but rather to a general term for infectious diseases transmitted through sexual activity. The common characteristic of STDs is that they are transmitted through sexual intercourse. The essence of sexual transmission is that during intercourse, the friction between the penis and vagina causes small tears, allowing pathogens to enter the partner's body through these tears and induce an STD. Therefore, when the penis or vagina already has diseases or incomplete skin, STDs are more easily transmitted; however, sexual intercourse is not the only way STDs are transmitted.
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Currently, the most common sexually transmitted diseases in my country include gonorrhea, genital warts, syphilis, non-gonococcal urethritis, and pubic lice. Others include chancroid, genital herpes, AIDS, and lymphogranuloma venereum.
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A common characteristic of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is that they are transmitted through sexual activity. As long as promiscuity is avoided and safe sex is promoted, STDs are completely preventable.
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**1.2//What should we do if we're worried about having a sexually transmitted disease?**
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When people have an extramarital affair, they often worry about whether they have contracted a sexually transmitted disease. The fear of STIs arises spontaneously, and some people often cannot extricate themselves from this situation. This event almost constantly plagues their minds.
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Faced with this incident, many people went to regular hospitals for treatment, while others, worried about their privacy being exposed, went to some unregulated medical clinics. After examination, they received ambiguous conclusions, and after treatment at the clinic, they were told they were cured. This is actually a medical trap, the purpose of which is to make money by any means necessary.
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> Reputable medical institutions are generally trustworthy. If you are worried about contracting a sexually transmitted disease, you should seek treatment at these institutions.
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It should be noted that since sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a group of diseases, to rule out that you do not have an STD, you must rule out that you have not been infected with any STD. This is a huge and expensive task, and it is actually unnecessary.
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Most sexually transmitted diseases have an incubation period, with HIV having the longest incubation period.
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Most sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) develop within 3 months. Therefore, if you haven't developed any symptoms after 3 months, you can almost rule out the possibility of having most STDs. Doctors will usually make a diagnosis based on your symptoms, a physical examination, and some laboratory tests.
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For those who have no symptoms but are simply worried about whether they have contracted a sexually transmitted disease, a conclusion can usually be drawn based on the time of their most recent sexual contact, combined with laboratory tests.
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Excessive fear of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is also undesirable. Many people develop psychological problems due to this excessive worry. Regardless of whether they have had sexual contact, they strongly suspect that they have been infected with an STD and are dissatisfied with doctors, hospitals, and even negative test results. However, they hold onto the occasional "positive" result and demand repeated explanations from the doctor. This is an overreaction to STDs, which can also cause harm and should be avoided as much as possible.
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The table below lists the incubation periods for various sexually transmitted diseases.
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Main symptoms during the incubation period
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Syphilis: 2-4 weeks after onset of genital ulcers or edema
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Gonorrhea: Purulent urethral discharge for 1-14 days
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It usually takes 3 to 5 days.
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Non-bacterial urethritis: 1-3 weeks of mild redness and swelling at the urethral opening, with a small amount of discharge.
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Genital warts can appear 1 to 6 months later, with an average of 3 months. Cauliflower-like growths appear on the external genitalia.
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Genital herpes presents with small red blisters on the external genitalia 3-14 days after onset.
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> Lymphogranuloma venereum: 3–21 days of erosion or ulceration of the external genitalia
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HIV/AIDS can last from 2 to 15 years, with an average of 8 to 10 years. Early stages are generally asymptomatic.
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